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The number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in an atom is given by its atomic number. The atomic number is the property of all atoms, and it determines their properties, including their mass and position in the periodic table. The atomic number also determines the element’s valency, ionic bonding, and other symmetries.
The chemical element rutherfordium has 104 protons and 103 neutrons. The element has a total of 12 isotopes and a half-life of about 10 minutes. It is a synthetic element, meaning it cannot be found naturally on Earth and must be produced in a laboratory.
Rutherfordium is named after New Zealand nuclear physicist Ernest Rutherford. It is an extremely rare and highly toxic chemical. Only very small amounts of the element have ever been produced. It is also difficult to study, as its short half-life makes it radioactive. As such, it is only used for basic scientific research.
There are some controversies surrounding the discovery of this element. A team of scientists in Dubna, Russia first reported the discovery of rutherfordium in 1964. They bombarded plutonium with neon to produce the isotope 260Rf, but later changed their report to state that 260Rf has only 0.15 seconds of half-life. In 1969, a team at the University of California in Berkeley also succeeded in producing rutherfordium.
However, the Berkeley team could not reproduce the results of the Dubna team. This led to a dispute over which team deserved credit for the discovery. Eventually, IUPAC recognized both teams and decided to name the element after Ernest Rutherford.